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我们对 Starkware 的投资

Kyle Samani
2018年10月30日 | 4 Minute Read

今天,我们宣布 Multicoin Capital 参与了 StarkWare 三千万美元的 A 轮融资,同行包括很多其它优秀投资机构:Paradigm、Sequoia、Intel Capital、DCVC、Wing、Consensys、Atomico、Coinbase Ventures、Collaborative Fund、Scalar Capital、Semantic Ventures、Pantera 和 Floodgate。 StarkWare 正在商业化一种称作 STARK 的特殊的零知识证明系统(ZKP)。首先我要介绍一下 StarkWare 团队,然后回过头了解 ZKP 和 STARK 技术。 技术方面,由 Eli Ben-Sasson(以色列理工学院)、Alessandro Chiesa (加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校)和 Michael Riabzev(以色列理工学院) 领头,该团队是全球范围内开发 STARK 最优秀的团队。在创立 StarkWare 之前,几位联合创始人是 大零币(隐私保护数字货币)的创始科学家。他们还合著了 STARK 论文原稿,并持续研究 ZKP 系统长达十多年,在该行业拥有无与伦比的一手经验。 StarkWare 的 CEO,Uri Kolodony 本身也是一个伟大的企业家。我们很荣幸能近距离与他共事了大约 6 个月。他缔造了一支优秀的团队,吸引了一大批全明星投资者,然后设立一个愿景,同时高效地执行产品路线图。凭借数十年的创业和咨询经验,他还兼备描述 STARK 技术威力的能力,这样外行人就能解他们正在做什么——这是一项非凡的成就,特别是我们自己也尝试了几次(而以失败告终)。到目前为止,我们与 Uri 和 StarkWare 的合作一直很愉快,也为能投资他们感到非常激动。 那么,为什么零知识证明(ZKP)很重要呢? 简而言之:ZKP 是一项令人难以想象的技术。这一点我们在上周的“秋季峰会”也深入讨论过。它们有潜力通过重新界定我们几乎看不见的,无处不在而又普遍存在的信任基准的方式重塑社会。这个技术的实现具有重大意义。我们也会在接下来的博客对ZKP 的实现方式进行仔细研究,但现在我们先看一下入门指南。 ZKP 允许任何人绝对肯定地证明,他们对某些数据正确地运行了一些已知的函数,而无需透露任何相关的数据信息。 这是违反直觉的。咋一看,这根本说不通,听起来也不可能实现。 在不向第三方共享输入的情况下,一个人怎么做到在一些数据运行了某个函数,并证明他正确地运行了呢?这就是 ZKP 的神奇之处。如果上述说法不容易理解,我建议你参看这篇 博客 和这篇 博客,两篇都附有很直白的图表。 ZKP 目前在现实中已经有应用了。它最常见的用途是 公钥加密,这是互联网和所有加密货币的关键。但是这类 ZKP 的应用范围非常狭窄:它们仅仅允许某人证明他们拥有与公钥相对应的私钥,并不适用于上文所述的任何任意复杂的计算。 普适性的 ZKP 目前已投入使用了,尽管范围更小。两个最有吸引力的例子是主打隐私的加密货币:Zcash(大零币)和 Monero(门罗币)。Zcash 使用另外一种叫做 SNARK 的 ZKP,它允许世界上的 Zcash 用户秘密地发送 Zcash 代币。Monero 则使用另一种叫做 Bulletproof 的 ZKP 完成相同的工作。 解释 SNARK、STARK 和 Bulletproof 技术的不同之处超出了本文的范围。如果你想了解更多,Eli Ben-Sasson 做的这个 展示 里面很好的总结。 在世界上任何角落,无需许可、保持隐私,不用担心审计地发送金钱——虽然这是人类伟大的突破,但是普适性 ZKP 应用远远比这一点更广泛:

  1. 隐私——任何人都可以秘密地在世界上任何角落发送金钱。这是全球人类权利的伟大突破。有史以来第一次,人们可以秘密地存储和花费自主控制的金钱,它们还不会被政府追踪或没收。
  2. 区块链扩容——ZKP 可以在很多维度对区块链扩容。涉及到的常见方案就有两种:链下批处理递归组合 ZKP。在 五种扩容区块链的基本方案 中,基于 ZKP 的方法的效果是最好的。
  3. 支持 Web3 协议栈 链下计算——大多数 Web3 协议栈右侧的开发模型(参考链接中的插图)可以使用 ZKP 技术来保证正确性。
  4. 金融服务——在 2008 年金融危机之后,支撑全球经济的金融机构必须遵守风险阈值。通过 ZKP 技术,在不用披露账簿的机密信息的情况下,这些机构就可以向审计员、政府官员、消费者和广大公众实时证明它们遵循风险阈值。虽然还有一段路要走,但我们很快就能见它的短期版本。最可能的例子是加密交易所将会利用 ZKP 技术证明其偿付能力。

对于那些关注 ZKP 技术的人来说,有一个普遍共识:STARK 距离商业化还需要很长时间。他们主要是指公钥的发展和 SNARK,这两者确实也需要数年时间才能商业化。但对于 STARK 和 StarkWare 来说,历史是一个糟糕的向导。本周,StarkWare 团队正在 Devcon4 与客户合作,并且将在未来几个月发布更多产品。 我们在今年花费了大量时间来探索 ZKP 的方方面面。它是一项令人惊奇的技术,并且将会是我们人生中一项起决定性作用的技术。如果取得成功,它将完全重塑生活各个层面的信任假设。考虑到目前是多层和组合的信任假设支撑着这个世界,预测这项科技渗入现实世界的 2/3/4 阶效果是不可能的。 我们非常幸运有机会投资 Uri、Eli、Alessandro、Michael 和 Starkware 团队,促进现实世界采用 ZKP 技术。 您可以 点击这里 关注他们的博客,在 StarkWare 网站zkp.science 了解更多关于 STARK 的信息。

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