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简介
分布式账本不容易扩展。这一事实在过去几年显得尤为明显，因为比特币、以太坊和其他公司在试图提高平台的速度和吞吐量时，都面临着严峻的挑战。 想要理解这个问题，最好的办法是将它视为一个可伸缩性三难困境（Vitalik Buterin和Trent McConaghy率先就这个想法撰文）。可伸缩性三难困境假设任何区块链系统（其中每个节点都验证每个事务）只能具有区块生产(DBP)去中心化、安全性和可伸缩性这三个潜在特性当中的两个。这些属性可以定义为：
- DBP可以用区块生产者的数量量化。
- 安全性可以用发起拜占庭式攻击的成本量化，这种攻击会影响活动或事务排序。注意，安全性不涉及加密签名的完整性，也不涉及第三方从公钥派生一组私钥的能力。
- 可伸缩性可以用系统每单位时间内处理的事务数量量化。
虽然像以太坊、Dfinity、Polkadot和Kadena这样的项目正试图通过分片、替代共识方案和其他技术来解决可伸缩性三难问题，但是我们还没有一个已在解决该问题的实时平台。而且即使当中有项目能够解决可伸缩性的三难困境，市场可能也不会在意。用户为了某些用例获得更好的性能、在体验上更简单易用，而接受在区块生产去中心化或安全方面的妥协，这是完全有可能的。 去中心化对于确保任何一方都不能修改数据库是很有价值的。去中心化程度越高，就越难以串谋修改数据库。不同的用例需要不同级别的保护。比特币作为一种抗审查性货币，旨在提供主权级的保护；它在设计之初就考虑到如何抵御一个大型民族国家的攻击。然而，对于大多数去中心化应用程序(dApps)来说，这并不是必需的。这些应用程序需要的是平台级保护；不受任何一方控制的全球中立数据库。 委托权益证明(DPoS)将区块生产集中在少数已知的半可信实体手中，以便实现比工作证明(PoW)或其他权益证明(PoS)区块链更大的可伸缩性。在此分析中，我们将研究DPoS的特性和权衡。
委托权益证明
委托权益证明是Dan Larimer在2013年发明的一种共识算法。DPoS最初是为了驱动BitShares而发明的，这是Larimer的第一个区块链项目。他在第二个项目Steem中对其进行了改进，现在则在已经深耕了一年半的EOS中再做进一步改进。当Larimer发明了DPoS并继续改善其算法时，其他几个项目也采用了DPoS并进行了修改。 在DPoS中，持有网络代币的用户可以投票选举区块生产者；选票是由选民 所持的保证金来加权的，获得最多选票的区块生产者候选人负责出块。用户还可以将本人的投票权委托给能够代表自己投票的其他用户。DPoS是一种流动式的代议制民主，代币持有者拥有投票权。DPoS也可以看作是传统组织层次结构的形式化、数字化版本，以完全透明的方式运行。虽然民主和公司治理存在的问题超出了本文讨论的范围，但DPoS的一个引人注目的特性是，这些协议的开源性质意味着，如果用户不同意多数派的意见，他们可以进行分叉。民主国家、公司和其他组织结构就不是这样了。DPoS借鉴了许多传统治理模型的思想，但最终更加灵活和透明。 区块生产者可以在任何时候当选或被投票出局，因此防范不良行为的主要动机之一是来自收入和声誉受损方面的威胁。此外，在DPoS中可以相当简单地实现削减条件。大多数传统的PoS实现允许用户生成与他们在网络中的权益成比例的区块。DPoS允许用户根据自己的权益比例投票，决定谁来生产区块。区块生产者本身并不一定需要拥有大量保证金，但他们必须通过竞争来获得用户的投票。 DPoS可以驱动整个区块链，也可以用作子链、侧链、私有区块链等的共识算法。DPoS可以用来在以太坊Plasma链内部为共识提供动力，它与由Parity提出成型的“权威证明”共识机制有许多相似之处。它也可以作为面向特定应用程序特定链的解决方案，比如Cosmos中的链。 DPoS认识到为了实现去中心化，在经济上和性能上都要付出代价，于是它选择了半中心化以获得可伸缩性。如果DPoS系统仍然能够提供去中心化数据库所需要的抗审查性、无许可性和去信任性的必要级别，那么DPoS更适合广泛的去中心化应用程序。对于某些用例（完全抗审查的数字黄金、点对点数字货币等）来说，以性能为代价而支持去中心化的折衷可能是有意义的。对于绝大多数应用程序，可伸缩性要实用得多。 在此分析中，我们将深入研究DPoS，了解其特性、权衡、攻击向量和用例。请在此下载完整报告。
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