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XRP的熊市案例:比特币期货版

Kyle Samani
2017年12月20日 | 6 Minute Read

今年8月,我们发表了一篇关于瑞波(Ripple)网络原生代币瑞波币(XRP)的分析。对XRP代币我们持看跌态度。简要总结如下: 建立和维护瑞波网络的瑞波公司(Ripple, Inc.)已经建立了一个基于区块链的系统,银行可以使用该系统发行借据和结算债务。XRP有两种用途:在瑞波网络上支付费用,以及作为“桥梁货币”在任意两个没有可信关系的机构之间进行价值转移。然而,它的本地代币XRP对于网络的正常运行是完全不必要的。 由于瑞波网络被允许作为其唯一节点列表(UNL)系统的直接结果,所以理性参与者向网络发送垃圾事务的风险很低。摩根大通(JP Morgan)不太可能给美国银行(Bank of America)发送垃圾事务,韩国韩亚金融集团(Hana Group)也不太可能给富达银行(Fidelity)发送垃圾事务。即使这些机构彼此不信任,它们仍然希望彼此开展业务。向其他银行发送垃圾事务毫无意义。 XRP的另一个预期用途是充当“桥梁货币”:如果出现两家金融机构需要用当地货币结算借据的情况,债务人如何获得债权人的当地货币?许多货币对并没有表现出巨大的交易量,比方说肯尼亚元对韩元就是如此。虽然大多数货币对相对于美元-欧元的交易量并不大,但货币对的长尾组合在实际中是增长的,为n!的函数。鉴于全球有180种法定货币,大约应有1.6万货币对。 如今,这个问题通常通过做市商来解决,因为美元是全球储备货币,做市商提供每种货币对美元的流动性。瑞波公司建议金融机构使用瑞波网络和XRP来解决这个问题,而不是使用传统的银行基础设施和美元。 与传统的金融基础设施相比,瑞波网络作为支付轨道系统更为优越。然而,推测理性的金融机构会自愿将XRP作为一种储备货币来结算交易,这就有些想当然了,因为从定义上讲,XRP的流动性永远低于比特币(BTC)这样的全球储备货币。无论底层技术基础设施的质量如何,全球储备货币最重要的一个属性就是流动性。这就是为什么美元拥有至高无上的统治地位:从定义上讲,世界上最大的经济体对大多数货币对拥有最大的流动性。 考虑到XRP在过去3-4个月的持续快速增长,我们决定重新审视我们最初的论点。上个月,我们采访了主要国际汇款公司、传统资产管理公司、商业银行和投资银行的区块链负责人。采访对象均对瑞波的解决方案和XRP进行了评估。上述所有被访机构都在某种程度上使用了该系统,而且所有人都独立得出了以下相同的结论:如果他们的机构使用瑞波网络来结算交易——他们认为这不太可能——他们会希望使用全球储备货币用于结算,而不是XRP。这类全球储备货币更有可能是BTC、比特币现金(BCH)或以太币(ETH),因为这些都是无许可金融体系,并且已经在面对来自世界各地消费者和企业的巨大本土需求。指望XRP作为一种只有银行才能大量使用的许可货币,其流动性将超过数十亿人使用的全球储备货币,这根本没有道理。 货币对之间的流动性差异是巨大的。在过去30天里,BTC的日均交易量略低于100亿美元,而XRP的日均交易量约为5亿美元。随着BTC成为一个全球性、抗审查的价值储存工具,这种差距可能还会扩大。 瑞波公司意识到了这个问题:他们最近推出了一个流动性计划。由于瑞波公司拥有XRP总供应量的约2/3——根据目前的现货价格,其隐含估值为450 - 500亿美元——他们有意对其服务大幅打折,以吸引客户使用XRP而不是BTC。可是,这种流动性毕竟只是人为的。它是会枯竭的。这将在短期内维持XRP的流动性下限,但该计划无法提供超过全球储备所需的流动性。 遗憾的是,对于XRP持有者来说,XRP成为全球储备货币的前景日趋渺茫。全球最大的两家期货交易所——芝加哥期权交易所(CBOE)和芝加哥商品交易所(CME)——刚刚推出了比特币期货交易。这一发展的影响规模无论怎么强调都不为过。这阻碍了XRP成为全球储备货币的机会。 对于大型金融机构来说,除了可能的托管外,加密货币最大的一个问题是价格波动。而期货可以用来对冲价格风险。未来几个月,随着这些期货市场趋于成熟,银行将能够购买并持有价值数十亿美元的比特币,同时对冲价格波动风险。 鉴于此,怎么可能还会有理性的金融机构希望使用XRP作为桥梁货币来结算交易呢?BTC现在有两个巨大的优势:约20倍的流动性,以及允许银行在持有大量BTC的同时对冲价格风险的期货市场。看涨XRP的人士反驳说,相比BTC,XRP能提供更快的结算时间和更低的费用。这是事实,但无关紧要。流动性的价值和对冲价格风险的能力,远比这两个相对无关紧要的技术细节重要得多。 所以为什么XRP在持续增长?在整个加密领域,瑞波团队堪称佼佼者。为瑞波公司提供资金支持的风险资本投资者是一流的。他们在继续宣布新的银行合作伙伴。我深信这些银行会使用瑞波的软件,并尝试使用XRP。但是…… 我们坚持我们的立场:从长期来看,我们看跌XRP。我们确实没有看到任何可能导致金融机构自愿在全球储备之上采用XRP的前提条件。话虽如此,考虑到目前加密市场的状况,XRP可能会继续增长。考虑到XRP所面临的固有的流通速度问题,目前对于它还没有一个很好的客观评价模型,所以在我们的论文反映出XRP价格变动之前,它可能会有5倍的波动。 “短期来看,市场是一台投票机器;长远来看,它是一台称重机。”——沃伦·巴菲特(Warren Buffett) 更新:在《福布斯》(Forbes)上发表这篇文章后,我在Twitter上收到了一些有价值的反馈。我似乎低估了快速交易时间对金融机构的重要性。XRP交易在几秒钟内完成,而比特币交易可能需要一个小时才能完成。这一点之所以重要,是因为快速交易时间允许金融机构尽可能少地在资产负债表上持有XRP,从而将价格风险降至最低。如果XRP像它的许多支持者所主张的那样获得采用,那么这种代币的价值应该随着流通速度的增加而急剧下降。有关流通速度的更多信息,请参阅我的文章《理解代币流通速度》

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