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加密资产并购:纸上谈兵

Kyle Samani
2017年10月16日 | 6 Minute Read

许多人问过这个问题,“在加密领域,应如何实现一项合并或收购?” 虽然加密领域的合并在理论上行得通,但实际上是不可能做到的。双方的经济状况、个人主权以及强卖权(drag along right)的缺乏,将阻碍任何形式的有意义且干净利落的可执行收购。 强卖权对于理解本文至关重要。根据投资百科(Investopedia)的定义,强卖权是指“允许多数股东迫使少数股东参与公司出售的权利。多数股东实行强卖权时,必须向少数股东提供与其他卖方相同的价格、条款和条件。

传统收购

当一家公司买下另一家公司的全部股权时,它会获得以下几项:

  • 雇员——他们了解如何为顾客生产与提供产品/服务。
  • 顾客——重视该公司产品/服务并为此付费的忠实顾客基础。
  • 流程——由给顾客创造价值的人、财产与技术组成的一系列科学流程。
  • 资产负债表——公司实际的硬资产和负债:现金、债务、设备等。
  • 知识产权——专利、商标、版权等。 ### 加密资产收购 假设一家公司或加密基金会要购买某个加密资产的所有代币。他们买到的到底是什么?
  • 雇员——没有:协议开发者和业务人员不为代币持有者工作。
  • 顾客——没有
  • 流程——没有
  • 资产负债表——没有
  • 知识产权——没有:所有代币——区块链或智能合约的代码——都是开源的。就这点而言,没有什么可买的。开发团队有可能将开发的,不属于区块链或智能合约本身的未开源代码或软件移交出去;但是,该软件不是代币持有者“拥有”的。 那什么也“收购”不了? 也不完全是。代币的价值归属于代币持有者。该价值是代币持有者与用户组成的网络赋予的。所以没有办法收购自治用户组成的网络。如果一个组织设法获得了所有给定代币,那么根据定义,它就不是原来的网络了。通过收购无法获得由个人组成的网络。 ### 利用通货膨胀与硬分叉合并网络 利用通货膨胀和硬分叉,理论上有可能构建网络合并的场景。 我们以门罗币 ($XMR)和大零币 ($ZEC)为例。这两种协议都旨在为用户提供彻底的隐私,这样任何人或组织都无法知道某个钱包的余额。这两种协议分别采用了不同的技术。 假设经过长期的发展和多年的社区混战,门罗币与大零币的开发者意识到他们联合起来会更好。我们假设门罗币开发团队屈服并承认大零币能够提供一个更好的技术解决方案。 接下来会发生什么呢? 大零币开发者会在大零币链上发起硬分叉的提议,修改 ZEC 通货膨胀计划以在 ZEC 区块链为 XMR 持有者发行 ZEC 代币(该过程意义重大;需要解决大量的技术细节)。类似于股票交换,每个 XMR 发行的 ZEC 比例将基于两个网络的领导者谈判达成的某个价格。为了确保 XMR 持有者在交易后不会保留原有的 XMR 代币,门罗币开发者需要开发某种的销毁证明系统。只有能证明销毁了代币的 XMR 持有者才有资格获得 ZEC 。 在边际的基础上,该交易模式能够不破坏现有 ZEC 持有者的价值。即使每个用户的个人经济价值会得到保护,但是所有现有的 ZEC 持有者都会被稀释,因为 ZEC 的总价值与稀释成反比增长。有些人可能会觉得这是可以接受的;而另一些人——那些专注于持有总供应量固定百分比的人——则不会接受,即使考虑到网络效应的特点,在 1+1=3 的情况下,向网络添加新用户是增值的。 这可能会在 ZEC 持有者中引起一场关于硬分叉的辩论。一部分人将对新用户表示欢迎,认为增长的网络对现有的 ZEC 持有者和网络未来的增长潜力都有好处。另外一部分人会持反对意见,认为他们被不公平地稀释了。 XMR 的持有者也会面临相反版本的类似辩论。有些人想把他们的经济价值转移到大零币;其他人则希望留在原来的 XMR 链上。即使核心开发团队遵守协议并加入了大零币团队,XMR 区块链也可能继续存在。此后 XMR 的价值可能会大幅下跌,但它不太可能归零,尽管会有一些短期的动荡,该 XMR 区块链将会继续发展。 ZEC 和 XMR 的持有者在各自社区内的辩论中都有合理的主张。因为加密本质上是关于个体赋能,所以不存在强卖权。这实际上保证了诸如“让我们都搬到另一边去”或“让我们欢迎另一边”等一边倒的决定不会发生。在这些重大决策中,每一方的少数派都有可能在经过一场有争议的硬分叉之后,壮大到足以维持自己的地位。 加密网络具有巨大的惯性。 ### 优秀的艺术家抄袭;伟大的艺术家剽窃 加密领域的绝大多数协议都是开源的。尽管以太坊上的智能合约不是开源的,但是大多数主要合约都以开源的形式发布。项目必须开源是加密社区的精神。这一点造成了很多有趣的新动态与激励模型是复制别的项目的。 第一个著名的例子正在上演。以太坊,将通过它最近一致通过的硬分叉——大都会(Metropolis),支持 zk-SNARKs。 zk-SNARKs 是大零币用来实现机密交易的机制。虽然以太坊的实现没有大零币那么深入,但显然,以太坊基金会最终的目标是让用户能够轻松地进行隐私交易。 也许最有趣的是,在这个硬分叉过程中,大零币团队为以太坊基金会提供了帮助。 随着加密生态系统的发展,我预计功能复制的速度将会加快。这将会给用户带来有趣的两难局面。当你最喜爱的代币——过去是唯一一个支持 X 功能的代币——一夜之间变成了支持 X 功能的多个代币中的一个,你会怎么办?把你的财富转到新的代币,还是保持初心,继续支持原来的代币?

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